The secrets of medieval shields: a fascinating development

Shields played a crucial role on the battlefield in the Middle Ages. Their development and adaptation to changing fighting techniques and armor is a fascinating story.

The most important findings

• Shields were continuously adapted to the needs of warriors, whether on foot or on horseback
• The shape and size of shields changed over time to optimize protection and mobility
• Shield technology reflected the development of armor and battle tactics

From Viking and Anglo-Saxon shields to Norman shields

Viking and Anglo-Saxon shields were mainly designed for foot soldiers. They were flat with a hump of iron or carbonized material and a strap running from top to bottom. These shields, typically made from strips of lime wood, were suitable for both single combat and for shield wall formations.

Norman shields developed with the advent of the mounted Vikings. The Norman dragon shield, a further development of the round shield, featured different strap techniques, as the Bayeux Tapestry shows. These shields were suitable for both foot and mounted combat.

Tactical adaptations in shield design

The shape and attachment of the shield was adapted to the specific fighting techniques and roles of the warriors. Shields for mounted combat required a different strap guide to allow the use of the reins. The design evolved to solve practical problems such as the shield ends bumping against the knees during mounted combat.

The development of medieval shields

Over time, medieval shields changed in design and purpose. Dragon shields were curved to conform to the body, indicating their use in close combat. The curved shape helped to deflect blows and made it more difficult for attackers to open the shield. During the First Crusade, dragon shields eventually evolved into blunted versions that resembled the classic shape of the knight's shield.

Modifications and use of shields

Shields were modified according to personal preference and combat requirements. The straps allowed different holding positions for different levels of protection. As the protective effect of personal armor improved, the size and use of shields changed. Flat shields were easier to hold in front of the face, but offered limited protection for the lower body, making shield wall formations impractical at this time.

Changes in the use of shields

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the use of shields by the knightly class declined due to advances in plate armor and changes in fighting techniques. Shields were still used in formal tournaments, but were considered somewhat outdated. Simple soldiers, especially crossbowmen, continued to rely on shields. They used square shields that resembled modern police shields, emphasizing the importance of shield use in certain combat roles.

Modern adaptations of shields

Shields continue to be used in modern times, for example by the police. Modern shields are adapted to defensive structures and fast-moving units, which is reminiscent of historical shield use. The circularity of history is evident in the reinvention and reinterpretation of shields for contemporary purposes, highlighting the continuity of technology and techniques across different eras.

The fascinating development of medieval shields shows how closely technology, tactics and the needs of warriors were interwoven. From the Viking shield to the modern police shield, the history of shields is a story of adaptation and innovation.